Nutrients

22 pages, 8105 KB

Open AccessArticle

Preventive Effects of an Opuntia stricta var. dillenii Extract on Lipid Metabolism in a High-Fat High-Fructose Diet-Induced Obesity Animal Model

by Iker Gómez-García, Alfredo Fernández-Quintela, Paula Oliver, Catalina Picó, M. Pilar Cano, María P. Portillo and Jenifer Trepiana

Nutrients 2025, 17(19), 3178; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17193178 (registering DOI) - 8 Oct 2025

Abstract

Background: Due to the continuous global rise in obesity prevalence, foods rich in bioactive compounds are increasingly recognised for the management of several diseases. Objective: The present study aims to investigate whether an Opuntia stricta var. dillenii fruit peel extract, rich in betalains [...] Read more.

Background: Due to the continuous global rise in obesity prevalence, foods rich in bioactive compounds are increasingly recognised for the management of several diseases. Objective: The present study aims to investigate whether an Opuntia stricta var. dillenii fruit peel extract, rich in betalains and phenolic compounds, is able to prevent obesity induced by a high-fat high-fructose diet in rats, along with the potential mechanisms of action underlying this effect. Results: The supplementation with Opuntia stricta var. dillenii extract obtained from the peel fruit partially prevents obesity development by attenuating HFHF-induced fat accumulation. This effect was observed predominantly in visceral adipose tissue, rather than in the subcutaneous depot. The obesity prevention was accompanied by the improvement of serum lipid profile. The mechanisms underlying the extract anti-obesity effect which were analysed in epididymal adipose tissue, involve preventing the rise in the availability of triglyceride synthesis substrates induced by high-fat high-fructose feeding, the inhibition of triglyceride assembly, and in the case of the high dose, increased lipolysis. Conclusions: According to these results, the peel wastes of Opuntia stricta var. dillenii fruit represent a promising natural source of bioactive compounds for obesity prevention. Nevertheless, these preclinical effects should be replicated in further studies in human beings. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bioactive Compounds and Functional Foods in Human Health—2nd Edition)

10 pages, 661 KB

Open AccessArticle

Associations Between Circulating Spexin, Obesity, and Insulin Resistance in Korean Children and Adolescents

by Shin-Hee Kim and Yoon Hong Chun

Nutrients 2025, 17(19), 3177; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17193177 - 8 Oct 2025

Abstract

Background: Spexin is a neuropeptide involved in various physiological functions, including energy metabolism, appetite regulation, and weight loss. This study aimed to identify correlations between circulating spexin levels, obesity, and insulin resistance (IR) in Korean children and adolescents. Methods: We included 128 Korean [...] Read more.

Background: Spexin is a neuropeptide involved in various physiological functions, including energy metabolism, appetite regulation, and weight loss. This study aimed to identify correlations between circulating spexin levels, obesity, and insulin resistance (IR) in Korean children and adolescents. Methods: We included 128 Korean children and adolescents in the study. Among them, 69 individuals (53.9%) were classified as obese, 43 (33.6%) were considered overweight, and 16 (12.5%) had a normal weight. We recorded participants’ anthropometric parameters, fasting biochemical parameters, and homeostasis model assessment for insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), and assessed their correlations with plasma spexin levels. Results: Plasma spexin levels were significantly lower in obese subjects than in controls (mean, 163.1 vs. 198.4 pg/mL; p = 0.01). Subjects with IR had lower spexin levels than those without IR (mean, 145.3 vs. 185.1 pg/mL; p < 0.001). Spexin levels were negatively correlated with the BMI SDS (r = −0.30; p < 0.001), systolic blood pressure (r = −0.33; p < 0.001), fasting insulin (r = −0.41; p < 0.001), HOMA-IR value (r = −0.41; p < 0.001), triglyceride (TG) level (r = −0.38; p < 0.001), and plasma leptin level (r = −0.26; p = 0.004). In multivariate analysis, HOMA-IR and TG levels were independently associated with plasma spexin levels (p < 0.001 for both). Mediation analyses suggest a potential bidirectional relationship between obesity-related reductions in circulating spexin and insulin resistance. Conclusions: Decreased circulating spexin levels were associated with obesity and IR among Korean children and adolescents. Our findings suggest a link between circulating spexin, obesity, and IR in this population. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutritional and Metabolic Biomarkers in Obesity)

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16 pages, 4363 KB

Open AccessArticle

Lactoferrin and Osteopontin Cooperatively Promote Intestinal Epithelial Maturation in Neonatal Mice by Activating the Brg1/Notch1/Hes1 Pathway

by Wen Zhang, Chuangang Li, Ran Bi, Yao Lu, Yiran Zhang, Chenhong Shi, Ziyu Qiao, Yanan Sun, Juan Chen, Pengjie Wang, Ran Wang, Fazheng Ren and Yixuan Li

Nutrients 2025, 17(19), 3176; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17193176 - 8 Oct 2025

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Early life is crucial for infant gut development and intestinal homeostasis. Lactoferrin (LF) and osteopontin (OPN) are bioactive breast milk proteins that are supplemented into infant formula to promote gut development. However, the combined effect of LF and OPN (LOP) on in [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Early life is crucial for infant gut development and intestinal homeostasis. Lactoferrin (LF) and osteopontin (OPN) are bioactive breast milk proteins that are supplemented into infant formula to promote gut development. However, the combined effect of LF and OPN (LOP) on in vivo gut maturation has not been fully elucidated. This study investigated the effects of LF, OPN, and LOP on intestinal epithelium maturation in C57BL/6N mice from postnatal days 7 to 21. Methods: 3-day-old pups were assigned to four groups: Control group, LF group: 300 mg/kg LF; OPN group: 300 mg/kg OPN, LOP group: 300 mg/kg of a 1:5 (w/w) mixture of LF and OPN. Results: Compared to controls, LOP reduced plasma Diamine Oxidase (DAO) activity by 1.54-fold and D-lactate levels by 1.41-fold, demonstrating greater efficacy than LF or OPN alone in reducing intestinal permeability. LOP also significantly increased intestinal absorptive cells versus controls or single proteins. Mechanistically, LOP promoted directional intestinal stem cell differentiation, increasing jejunal transit-amplifying cells by 1.40-fold in 21-day-old mice. LOP upregulated expression of the Notch pathway target Hes1 by 1.70-fold. Further investigations revealed LOP activated Notch signaling via the transcription factor Brg1. Validation using intestinal organoids and IEC-6 cells confirmed intact OPN within LOP mediates increased Brg1 expression, activating the Notch pathway to direct intestinal stem cell differentiation into absorptive cells. Conclusions: Collectively, these findings in neonatal mice suggest that LOP cooperatively enhances intestinal barrier maturation and directs stem cell differentiation via Brg1-Notch signaling, offering potential insights for future research on bioactive protein supplementation in infant nutrition. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Micronutrients and Bioactive Molecules: Their Development, Interaction, and Impact on Human Health)

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11 pages, 1116 KB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Food Preferences and Supplement Intake During Pregnancy on the Cleft Lip and Palate Incidence: The Japan Environment and Children’s Study

by Kumiko Fujiwara, Hazuki Tamada, Hideto Imura, Taro Matsuki, Hiroo Furukawa, Nagato Natsume, Yasuyuki Yamada, Takeshi Ebara, Michihiro Kamijima and The Japan Environment and Children’s Study (JECS) Group

Nutrients 2025, 17(19), 3175; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17193175 - 8 Oct 2025

Abstract

Background: Cleft lip and/or palate (CL/P) is a high-frequency congenital disease. Besides genetic background, maternal environmental factors may be involved in its incidence. We examined the effects of unbalanced diets and the intake of dietary supplements during pregnancy on the incidence of non-syndromic [...] Read more.

Background: Cleft lip and/or palate (CL/P) is a high-frequency congenital disease. Besides genetic background, maternal environmental factors may be involved in its incidence. We examined the effects of unbalanced diets and the intake of dietary supplements during pregnancy on the incidence of non-syndromic CL/P (NSCLP) via a case–control study design with multiple case groups. The case group diagnosed with NSCLP included 281 patients, 217 from the Japan Environment and Children’s Study (JECS) data and 64 from the Aichi Gakuin University Hospital from 2011 to 2014. The control group comprised 87,477 (excluding cases with multiple births, chromosomal abnormalities, or complications) of the 104,062 fetal records registered in JECS. Results: The results revealed a significantly increased risk of NSCLP (aOR 2.86, 95% CI 1.63–5.00) in mothers who avoided two or more food items out of the investigated five, i.e., milk and dairy products, eggs, soy, fish, and beef. No association was identified in mothers who avoided one food. Conclusions: Providing nutritional support when multiple foods are avoided in daily food habits may be effective in reducing the occurrence of NSCLP. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Pediatric Nutrition)

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11 pages, 692 KB

Open AccessArticle

Healthy Diets Are Associated with Weight Control in Middle-Aged Japanese

by Etsuko Kibayashi and Makiko Nakade

Nutrients 2025, 17(19), 3174; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17193174 - 8 Oct 2025

Abstract

Background/Objectives: In Japan, well-balanced meals composed of staple grains, protein-rich main dishes, and vegetable sides are recommended. However, issues such as infrequent breakfast consumption and poor vegetable intake persist. Obesity and non-communicable disease (NCD) rates from age 40 have also begun rising. Therefore, [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: In Japan, well-balanced meals composed of staple grains, protein-rich main dishes, and vegetable sides are recommended. However, issues such as infrequent breakfast consumption and poor vegetable intake persist. Obesity and non-communicable disease (NCD) rates from age 40 have also begun rising. Therefore, we investigated the structural associations between healthy diets and weight control for NCD prevention, including the potential associations with rice consumption and eating out/home meal replacement use in middle-aged Japanese individuals. Methods: This study was a cross-sectional survey based on data from 577 respondents to the 2016 Hyogo Diet Survey, Hyogo Prefecture, Japan, aged 40–59 years. A healthy diet was defined as including at least two well-balanced meals daily, eating breakfast regularly, and eating five or more vegetable dishes daily. A hypothetical model included factors associated with healthy diets and maintaining a healthy weight (energy, salt, fat, and sugar intake; using nutritional fact labels; and regular exercise), and the frequencies of rice consumption and eating out/home-meal replacement. A simultaneous multi-population analysis by sex was performed. Results: Simultaneous multi-population analysis showed acceptable goodness-of-fit. Maintaining appropriate weight and eating rice were positively associated with healthy diet scores in both sexes. However, for men, using home meal replacements was negatively associated. Conclusions: Among middle-aged Japanese in Hyogo Prefecture, weight control for NCD prevention and rice consumption were linked to healthy diets. In men, using home meal replacements was associated with worse diet quality. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nutrition Methodology & Assessment)

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21 pages, 323 KB

Open AccessReview

Pregnancy and Caffeine Metabolism: Updated Insights and Implications for Maternal–Fetal Health

by Katarzyna Maria Struniewicz, Magdalena Maria Ptaszek, Alicja Marianna Ziółkowska, Aneta Nitsch-Osuch and Aleksandra Kozłowska

Nutrients 2025, 17(19), 3173; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17193173 - 8 Oct 2025

Abstract

Caffeine is one of the most widely consumed psychoactive substances globally and is a common component of daily diets, particularly among women of reproductive age. Numerous in vitro and in vivo studies have indicated potential adverse effects of prenatal caffeine exposure, including disturbances [...] Read more.

Caffeine is one of the most widely consumed psychoactive substances globally and is a common component of daily diets, particularly among women of reproductive age. Numerous in vitro and in vivo studies have indicated potential adverse effects of prenatal caffeine exposure, including disturbances in fetal growth, metabolic dysregulation, organ malformations, and neurodevelopmental alterations. These findings suggest that caffeine may influence multiple physiological pathways during gestation, including epigenetic modifications and metabolic programming. However, evidence from human studies remains heterogeneous and often inconclusive. Recent cohort studies and meta-analyses have reported that moderate maternal caffeine intake is not significantly associated with increased risks of gestational diabetes mellitus, gestational hypertension, or preeclampsia, although higher intake levels have been linked to anemia, preterm birth, and low birth weight in some populations. Furthermore, emerging data suggest potential associations between prenatal caffeine exposure and early neurodevelopmental outcomes, including behavioral changes, subtle structural brain differences, and alterations in offspring metabolic health and obesity risk. Despite these findings, the magnitude and clinical relevance of these effects remain uncertain, partly due to variability in caffeine sources, dosages, study designs, and reliance on self-reported intake. This review aims to synthesize current evidence on maternal caffeine consumption, its impact on pregnancy complications, fetal development, and long-term child health outcomes. By integrating experimental and clinical data, the study provides a comprehensive overview that may assist clinicians and healthcare professionals in counseling pregnant women regarding caffeine intake and potential risks. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutrition, Diet and Metabolism in Pregnancy)

21 pages, 461 KB

Open AccessArticle

Self-Reported Non-Celiac Wheat Sensitivity and Other Food Sensitivities in Patients with Primary Sjögren’s Syndrome

by Aurelio Seidita, Pasquale Mansueto, Maurizio Soresi, Diana Di Liberto, Gabriele De Carlo, Gianluca Bisso, Salvatore Cosenza, Mirco Pistone, Alessandra Giuliano, Gabriele Spagnuolo, Clara Bertolino, Clarissa Bellanti, Roberto Citarrella, Lidia La Barbera, Giuliana Guggino and Antonio Carroccio

Nutrients 2025, 17(19), 3172; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17193172 - 8 Oct 2025

Abstract

Background: Wheat or cow’s milk intake might influence the primary Sjögren’s Syndrome (pSS) clinical manifestations. A high prevalence (20–30%) of autoimmune diseases, including pSS, has been reported in non-celiac wheat sensitivity (NCWS). This study aimed to identify the prevalence of self-reported NCWS and [...] Read more.

Background: Wheat or cow’s milk intake might influence the primary Sjögren’s Syndrome (pSS) clinical manifestations. A high prevalence (20–30%) of autoimmune diseases, including pSS, has been reported in non-celiac wheat sensitivity (NCWS). This study aimed to identify the prevalence of self-reported NCWS and sensitivity/intolerance to other foods in patients with pSS, and to establish the specific clinical and immunological features of this subgroup of patients. Methods: 82 prospectively enrolled pSS patients were compared to 161 type 2 diabetes controls without rheumatological disease. The presence of a self-reported NCWS, and/or self-reported milk intolerance (SRMI), and/or multiple food sensitivity (MFS) was assessed by a validated questionnaire. Clinical and immunological features of pSS subjects, stratified according to the presence/absence of self-reported NCWS, were analyzed. Results: pSS patients had a higher frequency of self-reported NCWS (47.6% vs. 18.6%, p < 0.0001), SRMI (29.3% vs. 5.6%, p < 0.0001) and MFS (30.5% vs. 9.3% p < 0.0003) compared to controls. After the intake of wheat-containing products, 18 (21.9%) pSS patients reported the worsening of disease-specific symptoms, whereas 11 (13.4%) reported a significative clinical improvement after wheat-free diet (WFD) introduction. Moreover, 47.6% of pSS subjects complained of wheat-related gastrointestinal/extraintestinal disorders. No clinical/immunological feature differentiates pSS patients with and without self-reported NCWS, excluding a higher frequency of SRMI (39.5% vs. 11.9%, p = 0.01) and MFS (65.7% vs. 23.8%; p = 0.0004) in the former. Conclusions: This study shows a clear association between pSS and NCWS, confirming that wheat intake could be a common trigger of symptoms of both these conditions. WFD adoption seems to reduce both gastrointestinal/extraintestinal and pSS-specific symptoms in a subgroup of pSS patients, opening new possibilities for their clinical management. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Clinical Nutrition)

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15 pages, 992 KB

Open AccessArticle

Triterpene and Caffeoylquinic Acid Constituents Contribute to the Cognitive-Enhancing, but Not Anxiolytic, Effects of a Water Extract of Centella asiatica in Aged Mice

by Wyatt Hack, Lucas Kuhnau, Jesus Martinez, Luke C. Marney, Jaewoo Choi, Arshia R. Sohal, Seiji Koike, Thuan Nguyen, Claudia S. Maier, Amala Soumyanath and Nora E. Gray

Nutrients 2025, 17(19), 3171; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17193171 - 8 Oct 2025

Abstract

Background/objectives: A water extract of the plant Centella asiatica (CAW) has been shown to improve cognitive deficits in aged mice when administered for 5 weeks in drinking water. However, the contribution of the constituent compounds within CAW to the beneficial effects of the [...] Read more.

Background/objectives: A water extract of the plant Centella asiatica (CAW) has been shown to improve cognitive deficits in aged mice when administered for 5 weeks in drinking water. However, the contribution of the constituent compounds within CAW to the beneficial effects of the extract remains unelucidated. This study evaluated the effects of triterpene (TT) and caffeoylquinic acids (CQA) found within CAW, on learning, cognitive flexibility, memory, and anxiety-like behaviors in aged C57BL6 mice. Methods: Eighteen-month-old male and female C57BL6 mice were administered either TT, CQA, or the combination (TT+CQA) in their drinking water for a total of 5 weeks, at concentrations corresponding to their presence in CAW. During the final two weeks of treatment learning, executive function, memory, and anxiety were assessed. Results: Aged mice of both sexes showed significant improvement in learning when treated with TT and CQA separately and in combination. Treatment with TT also improved cognitive flexibility in aged mice of both sexes, but CQA and the combination of TT+CQA did not alter cognitive flexibility in aged male mice. There was no effect on recognition memory or anxiety in any of the treatment groups (TT, CQA, TT+CQA) relative to mice treated with the vehicle control although there was a trend towards improved recognition memory with TT treatment. Conclusions: These results suggest that the TT and CQA present in CAW likely contribute to its previously reported amelioration of age-related cognitive changes, especially in learning and cognitive flexibility, while other constituents may be responsible for CAW’s anxiolytic effects. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Effect of Natural Extracts on Aging and Neurodegenerative Diseases)

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15 pages, 268 KB

Open AccessArticle

Metabolites of the Arachidonic Acid Lipoxygenase Pathway May Be Targets for Intervention and Diagnostic Markers for Metabolic Disorders in Pregnancy—A Pilot Study

by Małgorzata Szczuko, Justyna Maj, Kamila Pokorska-Niewiada, Edyta Zagrodnik and Maciej Ziętek

Nutrients 2025, 17(19), 3170; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17193170 - 8 Oct 2025

Abstract

Background: Pathological pregnancy is associated with various complications that may affect the health of both the mother and her offspring. In recent years, lipid metabolites such as hydroxyeicosatetraenoic (HETE) fatty acids and hydroxyoctadecadienoic (HODE) fatty acids have gained increasing interest as potential [...] Read more.

Background: Pathological pregnancy is associated with various complications that may affect the health of both the mother and her offspring. In recent years, lipid metabolites such as hydroxyeicosatetraenoic (HETE) fatty acids and hydroxyoctadecadienoic (HODE) fatty acids have gained increasing interest as potential biomarkers of pathological processes in pregnancy. The aims of the present study were to investigate changes in HETE and HODE levels during pathological pregnancy and to assess their potential role in the development and monitoring of pregnancy complications. Attempts were made to determine associations in cross-sectional studies and relationships in longitudinal ones. Methods: In this study, a liquid chromatograph (HPLC) was used to separate the eicosanoids. The study group consisted of 72 Caucasian women, divided into a control group (n = 51) and a group with non-physiological pregnancy (n = 21). Results: The study results show that the levels of the tested metabolites of the cyclooxygenase (COX) and lipoxygenase (LOX) pathways increased as pregnancy progressed. Women with non-physiological courses of pregnancy who developed gestational diabetes and/or preeclampsia were characterized by dysregulation of the inflammatory signaling processes involving eicosanoids. Conclusions: Carbohydrate abnormalities during pregnancy were mainly associated with increased synthesis of 5-oxoETE and the use of 5-HETE in the control group but were not visible in the diabetic group. HODE acids probably do not play a significant role in pathological pregnancy. The relatively small size of the pathological group and the wide range of gestational age mean that the tests should be standardized and carried out on a larger scale. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Functional Lipids and Human Health)

14 pages, 406 KB

Open AccessArticle

Breastfeeding Attitudes and Their Associated Factors Among Chinese Nursing Undergraduates: A Cross-Sectional Study

by Han Liu, Yutong Xia, Yuchen Deng, Zhuosen Shang, Xiyang Li, Yalan Gu, Jing Sun and Ying Chen

Nutrients 2025, 17(19), 3169; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17193169 - 8 Oct 2025

Abstract

Background: Breastfeeding promotion is a public health priority in China, yet the exclusive breastfeeding rate remains below national targets. Nursing students, as future key promoters, often report insufficient knowledge, but their attitudes are less clear. Objective: This study aimed to assess breastfeeding attitudes [...] Read more.

Background: Breastfeeding promotion is a public health priority in China, yet the exclusive breastfeeding rate remains below national targets. Nursing students, as future key promoters, often report insufficient knowledge, but their attitudes are less clear. Objective: This study aimed to assess breastfeeding attitudes and identify their associated factors among Chinese nursing undergraduates, thereby providing an evidence base for the design of effective educational interventions. Design, Setting and Participants: A cross-sectional study was conducted from October 2024 to January 2025 at a medical university in Anhui Province, China, with 753 nursing students participating. Methods: The participants completed the General Information Questionnaire, the Chinese version of the Comprehensive Breastfeeding Knowledge Scale (CBKS), and the Iowa Infant Feeding Attitude Scale (IIFAS). We analyzed the data via Spearman correlation, univariate analysis, and multiple linear regression. Results: The overall IIFAS score for nursing students was 54 (51, 59), with attitude scores showing a significant positive correlation with knowledge (r = 0.462, p < 0.001). Multiple linear regression revealed that breastfeeding attitudes were significantly predicted by CBKS score (β = 2.975), grade (β = 2.887), major (β = 3.235), and breastfeeding intention (β = 8.089, all p < 0.001), as well as by feeding type before six months (β = −1.591, p = 0.020). The overall model accounted for 32.7% of the variance (R² = 0.327, F = 51.666, p < 0.001). Conclusions: This study demonstrates that Chinese nursing undergraduates hold predominantly neutral attitudes toward breastfeeding. These attitudes show significant associations with their knowledge level and personal feeding intention, which underscores the necessity of integrating attitude-focused education into nursing curricula. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Nutritional and Supportive Interventions for Breastfeeding Success)

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9 pages, 401 KB

Open AccessArticle

Pregnancy Outcomes Among Women with Treated Iron Deficiency Anemia: A Retrospective Cohort Study

by Threebhorn Kamlungkuea, Chutima Kaewchung, Netjantra Sublon, Nuchpawee Tanyongmasakul, Surangfahom Butsart, Passkorn Winijchai, Phudit Jatavan and Theera Tongsong

Nutrients 2025, 17(19), 3168; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17193168 - 8 Oct 2025

Abstract

Background and Objectives: Iron deficiency anemia (IDA) is the most common cause of anemia in pregnant women and can adversely affect both maternal and fetal health. This study aimed to compare pregnancy outcomes between women with and without IDA in Northern Thailand, a [...] Read more.

Background and Objectives: Iron deficiency anemia (IDA) is the most common cause of anemia in pregnant women and can adversely affect both maternal and fetal health. This study aimed to compare pregnancy outcomes between women with and without IDA in Northern Thailand, a region with a high prevalence of anemia. Methods: A retrospective cohort study was conducted on all singleton pregnancies attending antenatal care (ANC) and/or delivering at Maharaj Nakorn Chiang Mai Hospital between 2003 and 2024. The study group consisted of women diagnosed with IDA in the first half of pregnancy, while the control group comprised women with low-risk pregnancies during the same study period. Results: Of the 38,979 pregnancies, after applying exclusion criteria, 634 pregnancies (2.2%) with laboratory-confirmed IDA and 28,132 controls remained available for analysis. Women with IDA had significantly higher parity, lower socioeconomic status, and lower hemoglobin levels throughout pregnancy. Multivariate regression analysis revealed that IDA was significantly associated with increased risks of preterm birth (adjusted odds ratio; aOR 1.04; 95% CI: 1.01–1.07), fetal growth restriction (FGR) (aOR 1.02; 95% CI: 1.00–1.04), and low birth weight (aOR 1.05; 95% CI: 1.03–1.08). Conclusions: IDA, even with treatment, may still slightly increase the risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes, particularly preterm birth, fetal growth restriction, and low birth weight. The residual risk likely reflects incomplete correction of anemia. Optimizing management requires strict compliance, judicious use of parenteral iron, and attention to coexisting nutritional deficiencies, underscoring the need for closer monitoring and improved care strategies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Effect of Prenatal Nutrition on Fetal Growth Development)

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12 pages, 707 KB

Open AccessArticle

Consumption of Energy Drinks and Attitudes Among School Students Following the Ban on Sales to Minors in Poland

by Regina Ewa Wierzejska, Anna Małgorzata Taraszewska, Agnieszka Wiosetek-Reske and Anna Poznańska

Nutrients 2025, 17(19), 3167; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17193167 - 8 Oct 2025

Abstract

Background: In 2024, Poland introduced a ban on the sale of energy drinks to individuals under 18 years of age. The aim of this study was to assess energy drink consumption among adolescents aged 12–17 years and to evaluate the effectiveness of this [...] Read more.

Background: In 2024, Poland introduced a ban on the sale of energy drinks to individuals under 18 years of age. The aim of this study was to assess energy drink consumption among adolescents aged 12–17 years and to evaluate the effectiveness of this regulation. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted in 2025, using an anonymous questionnaire. A total of 1691 students from primary and secondary schools, living in both urban and rural areas, participated. Results: Consumption of energy drinks in the month preceding the survey was reported by 41.1% of students, with the likelihood of consumption increasing by nearly 50% with each additional year of age (OR = 1.496; 95% CI: 1.381–1.621; p < 0.001). Secondary school students reported significantly higher consumption compared with primary school students (47.1% vs. 21.6%; p < 0.001). The median consumption frequency was 1–2 times per month among primary school students and 1–2 times per week among secondary school students. More than half of adolescents (58.1%) stated that the sales ban did not restrict their access to energy drinks, with adult-mediated purchases being the most common source. Among those attempting direct purchases in physical shops, only 19.3% were consistently asked to provide proof of age. Over half of the respondents did not believe that energy drinks can be harmful to their health; these students reported consumption more than twice as often as students who regarded them as harmful (54.0% vs. 23.9%; p < 0.001). Conclusions: These findings suggest that, to date, the ban on energy drink sales to minors in Poland has had a limited impact on adolescent consumption, highlighting the need for enhanced educational initiatives in this area. However, the study was cross-sectional in nature and was not conducted on a nationally representative sample of adolescents, which should be taken into account when interpreting the results. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nutrition and Public Health)

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14 pages, 590 KB

Open AccessArticle

Eating Habits, Physical Activity, Body Composition and Cardiorespiratory Fitness in University Students: A Cross- Sectional Study

by Edyta Kwilosz, Monika Musijowska, Katarzyna Badora-Musiał, Emilian Zadarko and Maria Zadarko-Domaradzka

Nutrients 2025, 17(19), 3166; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17193166 - 7 Oct 2025

Abstract

Introduction: Unhealthy eating habits combined with low levels of physical activity and cardiorespiratory fitness pose a serious threat to the health of young people. The aim of this research was to determine the relationship between selected components of body composition, the occurrence of [...] Read more.

Introduction: Unhealthy eating habits combined with low levels of physical activity and cardiorespiratory fitness pose a serious threat to the health of young people. The aim of this research was to determine the relationship between selected components of body composition, the occurrence of eating disorders, and cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) and physical activity levels among university students. Material and methods: This study was conducted among 254 students at a university in Poland. It included the measurements of body height, body composition analysis using bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA), and assessment of cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF). This research also employed the My Eating Habits (MEH) questionnaire and the short version of the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ-SF). Results: Based on body fat percentage (BF%), nearly one-fifth (19.69%) of participants were classified as obese. According to the body mass index (BMI), over one-third had excess body weight (overweight 24.02%, obesity 10.24%), while 6.7% were underweight. Eating disorders were significantly more prevalent in women (p = 0.0002). A significant relationship was observed between eating disorders and BMI, muscle mass (MM%), skeletal muscle mass (SMM%), body fat (BF%), and visceral fat (VFATL). Higher BMI, BF%, and VFATL were associated with a greater risk of developing eating disorders. Emotional overeating was significantly less common among individuals with normal body weight compared to those who were underweight or overweight. No statistically significant associations were found between students’ physical activity levels and eating habits. However, cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) was significantly negatively correlated with the presence of eating disorders. Conclusions: Understanding the relationship between components of body composition, eating disorders, physical activity levels, and cardiorespiratory fitness is crucial for designing effective interventions that promote a healthier lifestyle and psychological well-being among university students. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nutrition and Public Health)

47 pages, 1739 KB

Open AccessReview

Edible Insects as Future Proteins: Nutritional Value, Functional Properties, Bioactivities, and Safety Perspectives

by Xinyan Xu, Mengmeng Feng, Tongwei Wei, Fei Pan, Liang Zhao and Lei Zhao

Nutrients 2025, 17(19), 3165; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17193165 - 7 Oct 2025

Abstract

The growing demand for sustainable and nutritionally balanced protein sources has intensified global interest in edible insects as an emerging alternative to conventional animal- and plant-based proteins. This review synthesizes current knowledge on insect proteins with a clear focus on four dimensions: nutritional [...] Read more.

The growing demand for sustainable and nutritionally balanced protein sources has intensified global interest in edible insects as an emerging alternative to conventional animal- and plant-based proteins. This review synthesizes current knowledge on insect proteins with a clear focus on four dimensions: nutritional value, functional properties, bioactivities, and safety considerations. Edible insects such as Bombyx mori, Acheta domesticus (A. domesticus), Tenebrio molitor, and Hermetia illucens provide high-quality proteins rich in essential amino acids, with favorable digestibility and bioavailability. Their unique functional characteristics—including solubility, emulsification, foaming, and gelation—support versatile applications in food formulations ranging from meat analogs to protein-fortified products. Insect-derived peptides further exhibit diverse bioactivities, such as antioxidant, anti-hypertensive, antidiabetic, and antimicrobial effects, highlighting their potential as functional food ingredients. Nevertheless, allergenicity and consumer acceptance remain critical challenges that must be addressed through improved processing technologies and regulatory frameworks. By systematically integrating these perspectives, this review underscores the promise of insect proteins as future food and health resources while outlining key barriers and research priorities for their safe and sustainable utilization. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Animal-Originated Food and Food Compounds in Health and Disease)

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11 pages, 224 KB

Open AccessReview

The Role of Lactoferrin in Modulating Inflammation and Preventing Preterm Birth: A Narrative Review

by Alessandro Messina, Safae El Motarajji, Bianca Masturzo and Paolo Manzoni

Nutrients 2025, 17(19), 3164; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17193164 - 7 Oct 2025

Abstract

Background: Preterm birth (PTB) remains a leading cause of neonatal morbidity and mortality worldwide. Inflammatory cytokines, particularly IL-6, are central to PTB pathogenesis. Lactoferrin (LF), an iron-binding glycoprotein with antimicrobial and immunomodulatory properties, has been proposed as a potential protective factor against PTB. [...] Read more.

Background: Preterm birth (PTB) remains a leading cause of neonatal morbidity and mortality worldwide. Inflammatory cytokines, particularly IL-6, are central to PTB pathogenesis. Lactoferrin (LF), an iron-binding glycoprotein with antimicrobial and immunomodulatory properties, has been proposed as a potential protective factor against PTB. This narrative review aimed to synthesize current evidence on LF supplementation and its effects on inflammation, cytokine modulation, biochemical markers, and obstetric outcomes related to PTB. Methods: Eight clinical studies involving pregnant women at risk of PTB were included. LF was administered orally, vaginally, or through combined regimens, with variations in dosage and duration. Reported outcomes encompassed inflammatory markers, cervical and uterine parameters, oxidative stress biomarkers, and obstetric or neonatal endpoints. Results: Across the studies, LF supplementation was consistently associated with reduced pro-inflammatory cytokines, improvements in cervical length and uterine activity, and favorable changes in oxidative stress markers. Clinically, supplementation was linked with prolonged gestation, fewer preterm births, and reduced neonatal intensive care admissions. Immunological analyses further suggested a positive modulation of cytokine profiles in amniotic fluid. Conclusions: LF appears to exert multifaceted immunomodulatory effects that mitigate inflammation and support pregnancy maintenance. Although findings point to its potential role in PTB prevention, they should be interpreted with caution given the limited and heterogeneous evidence. Further large-scale, multicenter randomized trials are needed to confirm efficacy and to establish optimal dosage, route, and timing of administration. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Effects of Lactoferrin Supplementation on Inflammation, Immune Function and Prevention of Respiratory Infections)

16 pages, 823 KB

Open AccessArticle

Replacing Sedentary Time with Physical Activity and Sleep: A 24-Hour Movement Behaviour Perspective on Appetite Control

by Sundus Malaikah, Arwa Alruwaili, James P. Sanders, Alice E. Thackray, David J. Stensel, David Thivel, Joseph Henson, Alex V. Rowlands, Scott A. Willis and James A. King

Nutrients 2025, 17(19), 3163; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17193163 - 7 Oct 2025

Abstract

Background: Physical activity, sedentary behaviour, and sleep are interdependent components of the 24 h movement profile that may influence appetite control. While acute exercise can alter appetite perceptions and food reward, less is known about how reallocating time between daily behaviours affects appetite [...] Read more.

Background: Physical activity, sedentary behaviour, and sleep are interdependent components of the 24 h movement profile that may influence appetite control. While acute exercise can alter appetite perceptions and food reward, less is known about how reallocating time between daily behaviours affects appetite outcomes under free-living conditions. Methods: We applied isotemporal-substitution modelling in a cross-sectional study of 130 young, healthy, active adults. Accelerometer-derived estimates of sedentary time, light physical activity (LPA), moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA), and sleep were analysed in relation to energy intake (food diaries, laboratory meals), subjective appetite perceptions, appetite-related hormones (acylated ghrelin, PYY, leptin), and psychological traits, including food reward (Leeds Food Preference Questionnaire, LFPQ), food cravings (Control of Eating Questionnaire, CoEQ), and eating behaviour traits (Three-Factor Eating Questionnaire, TFEQ). Results: Reallocating 30 min/day of sedentary time to MVPA was associated with higher energy intake in free-living (+113 kcal/day, 95% CI: 34–192) and laboratory settings (+120 kcal/day, 95% CI: 55–185), along with greater postprandial hunger and prospective food consumption, reduced fullness, elevated fasting acylated ghrelin, and lower postprandial PYY. No associations were observed for reallocations to LPA or sleep. Furthermore, sedentary time reallocations were unrelated to leptin or psychological eating traits assessed by the LFPQ, CoEQ, or TFEQ. Conclusions: In this population, reallocating sedentary time to MVPA was linked to physiological and behavioural compensation consistent with elevated energy demands, whereas reallocating to LPA or sleep showed no associations. Trait-level eating behaviours were unaffected, suggesting MVPA influences appetite primarily through acute physiological rather than enduring cognitive or hedonic pathways. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nutrition and Metabolism)

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16 pages, 619 KB

Open AccessReview

Weissella: From Beneficial Probiotics to Opportunistic Pathogens—A Review

by Weiqing Ma, Xiang Liu, Yadi Jing, Meixia Zhang, Xin Zhang, Changfa Wang, Muhammad Zahoor Khan and Mingxia Zhu

Nutrients 2025, 17(19), 3162; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17193162 - 7 Oct 2025

Abstract

Weissella, a genus of Gram-positive, facultatively anaerobic lactic acid bacteria, has emerged as a significant component of human microbiota with diverse biotechnological and therapeutic applications. This narrative review examines the current state of knowledge regarding Weissella taxonomy, physiological characteristics, and functional properties [...] Read more.

Weissella, a genus of Gram-positive, facultatively anaerobic lactic acid bacteria, has emerged as a significant component of human microbiota with diverse biotechnological and therapeutic applications. This narrative review examines the current state of knowledge regarding Weissella taxonomy, physiological characteristics, and functional properties based on research spanning from 1993 to present. Weissella species demonstrate remarkable versatility, producing bioactive metabolites including exopolysaccharides (EPS), bacteriocins, and organic acids that confer antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory properties. These bacteria show significant potential in food fermentation, probiotic applications, and therapeutic interventions for gut health, obesity, and inflammatory conditions. However, challenges persist regarding strain-specific pathogenicity, particularly with W. confusa as an opportunistic pathogen, and the need for comprehensive safety evaluations. Current limitations include variability in probiotic efficacy, incomplete understanding of host-microbe interactions, and gaps in metabolic pathway characterization. This review provides a foundation for advancing Weissella research and applications while highlighting critical areas requiring further investigation to fully harness their biotechnological and therapeutic potential. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Prebiotics and Probiotics)

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19 pages, 261 KB

Open AccessArticle

Food Frequency Questionnaire to Estimate Dietary Adherence in Hemodialysis Patients: A Pilot Study

by Łukasz Czyżewski, Agnieszka Stelęgowska, Magdalena Durlik, Janusz Wyzgał, Andrzej Silczuk and Beata Irena Sińska

Nutrients 2025, 17(19), 3161; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17193161 - 7 Oct 2025

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Stage 5 chronic kidney disease (CKD), or end-stage renal disease (ESRD), requires renal replacement therapy, commonly hemodialysis (HD). This treatment necessitates dietary changes due to impaired excretory function and protein-energy wasting (PEW). A structured diet with adequate energy, protein, electrolytes, and fluids [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Stage 5 chronic kidney disease (CKD), or end-stage renal disease (ESRD), requires renal replacement therapy, commonly hemodialysis (HD). This treatment necessitates dietary changes due to impaired excretory function and protein-energy wasting (PEW). A structured diet with adequate energy, protein, electrolytes, and fluids is essential. The aim was to characterize habitual dietary intake in adults on HD relative to KDOQI and ESPEN recommendations. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 50 adults on maintenance HD at the Medical University of Warsaw completed a validated Food Frequency Questionnaire (55 items, nine frequency categories). The study was questionnaire-based and did not collect, link, or analyze dialysis efficacy indices, residual diuresis, or anthropometric measurements; all dietary estimates are independent of these clinical parameters. Estimated intakes of energy, macronutrients, fiber, electrolytes (Na, K, Ca, P), and fluids were compared with KDOQI 2020 and ESPEN 2021 recommendations. Sensitivity analyses included deterministic scenarios and Monte Carlo simulations. Results: Mean intakes were 2696.9 ± 1392.7 kcal and 87.7 ± 35.3 g protein; 64% and 82% met reference values. Sensitivity analyses revealed per-kg shortfalls in heavier patients (>75 kg): Monte Carlo medians were 37.8 kcal/kg/day and 1.28 g/kg/day. Diets were fat-dominant (~46%E), with low carbohydrates (~40%E) and low fiber, about 8 g per 1000 kcal. Sodium and phosphorus were elevated, about 1119 mg and 498 mg per 1000 kcal, while calcium was low (~346 mg/1000 kcal). Conclusions: Despite adequate mean intake, sensitivity analyses revealed per-kg energy/protein deficits and elevated sodium and phosphorus. Individualized counseling with electrolyte and fluid management, greater dietary diversity, and psychosocial support is warranted in HD. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Clinical Nutrition)

11 pages, 554 KB

Open AccessArticle

Decision-Making Scores and Hunger Susceptibility: A Positive Correlation Mediated by Fasting FGF21 Independently of Body Fat

by Andrés M. Treviño-Alvarez, Tomás Cabeza de Baca, Emma J. Stinson, Hannah T. Fry, Marci E. Gluck, Douglas C. Chang, Paolo Piaggi and Jonathan Krakoff

Nutrients 2025, 17(19), 3160; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17193160 - 6 Oct 2025

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Understanding the relationship between metabolism and eating behavior may improve how we treat and prevent obesity. Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) is a hormone secreted by the liver with a putative role in energy expenditure, energy intake, and weight regulation. In this [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Understanding the relationship between metabolism and eating behavior may improve how we treat and prevent obesity. Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) is a hormone secreted by the liver with a putative role in energy expenditure, energy intake, and weight regulation. In this secondary analysis, we studied how fasting FGF21 is correlated with eating behavior and decision making, as measured by the Three-Factor Eating Questionnaire (TFEQ) and the Iowa Gambling Task (IGT), respectively. Methods: Participants (n = 98; women = 19; white = 31) were medically healthy, between 18 and 55 years of age, weight-stable 6 months before admission, and had normal glucose regulation. Women were premenopausal and not pregnant. Pearson partial correlations were determined, accounting for age, sex, and body fat percentage. A mediation analysis examining whether the association between hunger and IGT score was mediated by FGF21 values was performed using general linear models. Results: In partial correlations adjusted for age, sex, and body fat percentage, we found that fasting FGF21 concentrations were positively correlated with hunger susceptibility (sum of internal and external cues) (partial r = 0.26, p = 0.02) and internal hunger (partial r = 0.22, p = 0.04), disinhibition (partial r = 0.27, p = 0.01), and better decision making (higher IGT scores) (partial r = 0.40, p = 0.0001). We also found a correlation between hunger susceptibility and better decision making, including the same covariates (partial r = 0.25, p = 0.03). However, this correlation was mediated (36%) by fasting FGF21. Conclusions: In this study, participants with greater susceptibility to hunger cues had higher IGT scores (better decision making) in the setting of higher fasting FGF21 concentrations. This provides further evidence of the role of FGF21 in the interplay between eating behavior and decision making. Further studying this topic may improve our understanding of the complex relationship between assessing energy requirements and cognitive processes related to eating behavior. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nutrition and Metabolism)

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